![]() Multiple myeloma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1945–1964. Epidemiology of multiple myeloma in Taiwan: increasing incidence for the past 25 years and higher prevalence of extramedullary myeloma in patients younger than 55 years. ![]() Racial disparities in incidence and outcome in multiple myeloma: a population-based study. This is the first large epidemiological study that defined the natural history of SMM and the risk of progression. Clinical course and prognosis of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma. This is the first large epidemiological study that defined the natural history of MGUS. A long-term study of prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) consistently precedes multiple myeloma: a prospective study. Patterns of multiple myeloma during the past 5 decades: stable incidence rates for all age groups in the population but rapidly changing age distribution in the clinic. This is the current diagnostic criteria for multiple myeloma and related disorders. International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Review of 1027 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Serum free light-chain measurements for identifying and monitoring patients with nonsecretory multiple myeloma. Prognostic significance of quantifying circillating plasma cells in multiple myeloma. Success will probably depend on using combinations of effective agents and treating patients in the early stages of disease, such as patients with smouldering multiple myeloma. Indeed, an increasing proportion of patients are achieving lasting remissions, raising the possibility of cure for this disease. Several new classes of drugs, such as proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs, have joined the traditional armamentarium (corticosteroids, alkylating agents and anthracyclines) and, along with high-dose therapy and autologous haemopoietic stem cell transplantation, have led to deeper and durable clinical responses. Much progress has been made over the past decade in the understanding of disease biology and individualized treatment approaches. Distinguishing symptomatic multiple myeloma that requires treatment from the precursor stages of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smouldering multiple myeloma is important, as observation is the standard for those conditions. The diagnosis of multiple myeloma is made when clear end-organ damage attributable to the plasma cell proliferative disorder or when findings that suggest a high likelihood of their development are present. Prognosis varies according to the age of onset and type of leukemia.Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of terminally differentiated plasma cells, and patients typically present with bone marrow infiltration of clonal plasma cells and monoclonal protein in the serum and/or urine. Management is chemotherapy administered in phases (induction, consolidation, and maintenance) based on subtypes. Immunophenotyping, histochemistry, and genetic analysis all aid in identifying and guiding the treatment of AML. Diagnosis is via peripheral blood smear and bone-marrow biopsy examination (shows myeloblasts). Additional findings in AML may include gingival hypertrophy and skin infiltration (leukemia cutis). The onset of symptoms takes days to weeks. Clinical presentation consisting of fatigue, bleeding, fever, and infection is related to anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a lack of functional WBCs. ![]() Seen predominantly in older adults, AML includes an accumulation of myeloblasts and a replacement of normal marrow by malignant cells, which leads to impaired hematopoiesis. Radiation therapy is used in adults but not in children, and stem cell transplantation is used for patients with aggressive disease.Īcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematologic malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid precursor cells. Management is with chemotherapy or targeted drugs. Diagnosis is made by lymph node biopsy, bone marrow biopsy, or both. T-cell NHLs include adult T-cell lymphoma and mycosis fungoides. B-cell NHLs include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and marginal zone lymphoma. Clinical features include lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly, but some individuals present with extranodal involvement and abnormal lab findings. ![]() Like Hodgkin lymphoma, which has distinct pathologic features and treatments, NHL often presents with constitutional signs of fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Most pediatric cases are aggressive and high-grade (but curable) in adults, low-grade subtypes are more common. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are a diverse group of hematologic malignancies that are clonal proliferative disorders of mature or progenitor B cells, T cells, or natural killer (NK) cells. ![]()
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